Is human artificial chromosome used in genome mapping ?

 

Artificial chromosomes are DNA molecules with a known structure that are manufactured in vitro from specified ingredients that exhibit natural chromosome-like features. Artificial chromosomes were initially developed in budding yeast and have already been used in a large variety of yeast genetics applications. Vectors based on the human artificial chromosome (HAC) provide a potential technology for transferring and producing full-length human genes of any size. Bacteriophage constraints such as restricted cloning capacity, lack of copy number control, and insertional mutagenesis induced by integration into host chromosomes are all addressed by HACs.

Transgene silencing has been linked to the random integration of traditional gene delivery vectors like as viruses, plasmids, P1 phage-derived artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes, and yeast artificial chromosomes. Additionally, integrated viral sequences can cause cancer by activating oncogenes at the insertion site. Various human artificial chromosomes (HACs) have several potential characteristics for an ideal gene delivery vector, including extra chromosomal stability and the ability to carry large genomic loci with their regulatory regions, allowing physiological regulation of the tried to introduce gene in a manner similar to native chromosomes.

For genome mapping, the PAC cloning system is a powerful tool. The techniques given here have been shown to be effective for generating PAC libraries from lower (as well as higher vertebrate) species and cloning PAC clones quickly (restriction mapping). The PAC cloning system should be effective in solving a variety of genomics problems that are specific to lower vertebrates and other non-mammalian animals. Artificial chromosomes are chromosomes containing the traits of centromeres, telomeres, and replication origins, as well as the sequences required for their stable maintenance as autonomous, self-replicating chromosomes within the cell. The transgenic does not required to be integrated into the host DNA because of these features. The SCNT method involves transferring artificial chromosomes into a human host and then cloning animals. The transfer of human antibody genes of 10 Mb in size with human artificial chromosome to cattle showed that this technology works, because the transplanted chromosome was stable and the antibody genes expressed to a degree in the transgenic animal.